Those errors would appear to be the corruption that's causing your problems.
I'm not sure how that corruption has been caused.
It could be because of bad sectors or an infection.
Download the trial version of HDSentinel which will give a written report on the status of your HDD.
https://www.hdsentinel.com/download.phpDownload the first of the Limited Trial version - you can uninstall it when done to stop the clock on the 30 day trial and then use it as and when later.
If the HDD is okay then boot up into Safe Mode with Networking.
If you can't get there by tapping F8 as you switch on, then see if you can get into there through the Windows Repair program.
There is another way through msconfig, but try those methods first.
Download the ESET Free Online Scanner and run a scan with that after checking the buttons as in my attached pic.
https://www.eset.com/us/home/online-scanner/This scan will take a while as it's thorough.
That install disk you have may not include SP1 which it needs as it has to be the same as what you have installed.
As you appear to have a valid install disk and key from MS, you can enter that product key into
https://www.microsoft.com/en-gb/software-download/windows7 and if it accepts it, it will release the download which I think will include SP1.
Select Save for the download and then you can use Windows USB/DVD Burner Tool to create bootable media of your choice.
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=56485When you've created the install media, open Windows Explorer/Computer and insert the install media and double click on its drive.
This will start the process when using a DVD but will open to the files when using an USB Flash drive where you would then double click on setup Application.
While your drivers may remain intact, it is advised to back them up onto something like an USB Flash drive.
You can find those at Windows C:\Windows\System32 and there are usually 3 folders which you can drag and drop into the USB drive letter.
If needed, you can reverse that procedure to drop them back into System32 after the repair is complete.
For some reason or other, a repair install on my Toshiba Win 7 will not complete and will revert back, but I have a series of cmds that will default a Win 7 registry if needed.
SP1 may be needed to be reinstalled after those cmds.