Yes, in This PC when you have something external plugged in you will see the drive that it is using and with the install disk inserted, double click on it then.
Using a 1709 install disk will manually update to 1709 which is how I updated one of my Win 10 laptops.
This won't affect any personal stuff or installed programs and is how you can perform a repair install of the existing OS.
You could let it revert then go Start - type winver and press enter then you will see which version of Windows you are now on.
If reverting gets you back in then you could check that all drivers are up to date.
I think I once had a problem with the Intel Management Engine Interface which is in Device Manager/System Devices and right clicking on it and selecting Update driver and using the default search online, found an updated driver for it, but depending upon what your CPU is based on, then it could be video or Chipset drivers.
You could try Windows Repair after creating a system image onto external media such as an external HDD but I'd run Windows Update Troubleshooter first to see what that reports.
There are a series of cmds that will reset the Windows Update components and are run from a Command Prompt (Admin) or Powershell run as an admin.
If you want to try these if the troubleshooter doesn't fix, then copy & paste these cmds to the command prompt where they'll auto run except perhaps for the last one where you will need to press enter.
net stop wuauserv
net stop cryptSvc
net stop bits
net stop msiserver
ren C:\Windows\SoftwareDistribution SoftwareDistribution.old
ren C:\Windows\System32\catroot2 catroot2.old
net start wuauserv
net start cryptSvc
net start bits
net start msiserver
Enter shutdown /r /t 00 to effect an immediate reboot then go back into Windows Update where' you'll probably have to perform a manual check for updates.
The SoftwareDistribution cmd removes your update history but doesn't affect any updates already installed.
