Boggin: Yes, I did use the drive designation and I also ran the disk checking function within XP. I did read the article you referenced in your post. Thanks.
Shane: I did download the ubuntu iso, booted off the ubuntu cd, and chose try. I messed around a little with the desktop choices and noticed that, shortly thereafter, any window that opened was scrambled. I'm assuming that's a video driver issue. Anyway, a reboot with the iso resolves the problem, at least for a time.
I'm lost doing anything more. The document in the link you provided refers to rebuilding the GRUB bootload (which I don't believe I have), how to fully fix the Windows bootloader using a Windows disk (which is what we've already tried), doing something with Vista or 7 or 8 (which I don't have), how to partially fix the Windows bootloader via the boot repair graphical tool (which seems to require you to boot from a completely different iso) or via command lines (which look Greek to me). I don't know where you'd type the command lines. I also haven't seen any sign of linux type information (like dev/sda) while using at least this version of Ubuntu. What I seem to have is a graphical desktop with icons on the left side allowing you to open windows to see different things.
Anyway, needless to say, you're dealing with a virtually complete newbie using Ubuntu. Can you provide some specific instructions? Thanks.